Documents par thÈme

Ce dossier présente des papiers de recherche rédigés par des participants au programme ainsi que d’autres ressources comme la compilation de syllabus sur des thèmes spécifiques ou la liste de liens et bases de données en ligne.
Théories & Méthodes
Ethique
Justice
Trauma & Santé mentale
Histoire & Récits
Théories & Méthodes
- Research Papers
Re-Imagining Peace after Massacres: Theoretical & Methodological Principles, Roberta Culbertson and Béatrice Pouligny
Abstract. This piece summarizes the theoretical principles that informed the project and as they emerged in the course of the international seminar organized on November 2004 in Charlottesville, Virginia. This theoretical summary is based on observations made during the seminar and recorded in seminar notes, the written reports of country teams, papers by the project’s leaders and advisors, and current work in the field. It is not meant to reflect all the nuances and interests of individual projects and team members, but rather to reflect an overall perspective within which individual projects can go forward, assured of some comparative opportunities in the future.
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Annexe: The Bases of Community: Keys to Community Success and Community Rebuilding, Roberta Culbertson (Tool box)
Methodological and Ethical Problems: A Trans-disciplinary Approach, Béatrice Pouligny, Bernard Doray and Jean-Clément Martin
Abstract. This paper examines the ethical and methodological issues raised by social science research conducted in situations where mass crimes have been committed. Our analysis is based on our respective experiences as researchers and practitioners in different historical and contemporary settings. Our common ethics imply that we share the same respect for human beings, alive and dead, who are the direct subjects of our work. This common ground has allowed us to collaborate across different disciplines (political science, psychiatry, and history). We began our exchange during brainstorming meetings organized at CERI in 2001-2002, attempting to encourage the cross-fertilization of our questioning in an effort to delve more deeply into the complexity of post-mass crime scenarios. In our view, this process has confirmed the fact that ethics and research methods are inseparable. This paper offers some avenues of thought in this direction by first examining the question of situating oneself in relation to “evil.” The second section of our contribution explains the method we use to develop a comprehensive approach to violent situations. The third and final section explores the responsibility of any outsider (particularly a researcher) in the process of writing history and constructing a narrative of massacres.
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“Construire la paix” après des massacres, Béatrice Pouligny
Abstract. Cette contribution s’intéresse à ce que peut signifier construire la paix dans des sociétés où des crimes de masse ont été commis. Elle souligne les difficultés spécifiques que posent ces situations au chercheur comme au praticien. D’une part, ils doivent s’efforcer de « comprendre » comment de tels massacres ont pu être commis, par-delà bon nombre d’idées reçues en la matière. D’autre part, ils doivent s’efforcer d’identifier les ressources à partir desquelles la paix pourra être construite dans la société considérée. Pour ce faire, il leur faudra plonger au cœur de situations hautement paradoxales, une aventure pour laquelle la première partie de l’article avance plusieurs propositions méthodologiques.
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Cliquer ici pour la une version espagnole du texte : “Cómo construir la paz donde han ocurrido crímenes masivos”
Save the Children, So you want to Involve Children in Research, Sweden, 2004
Ce guide propose de nombreux conseils méthodologiques et éthiques concernant la participation des enfants dans des recherches relatives aux violences à l’égard des enfants. De nombreux exemples concrets sont également proposés.
Ce rapport peut être téléchargé gratuitement sur le site de Save the Children Suède :
http://shop.rb.se/product/product.aspx?ItemId=2965386
- Bibliographie
Ethique
Une éthique de responsabilité en pratique. La conduite d’enquête dans des situations de violence extrême, Béatrice Pouligny
Abstract. Cette contribution se propose de réfléchir à certaines difficultés éthiques et méthodologiques que pose la conduite d’enquêtes dans des situations d’extrêmes violences. Elle suggère d’analyser la question du rapport à cet « objet » spécifique en termes de responsabilité du chercheur vis-à-vis des personnes auprès desquelles il mène ses recherches. Cette démarche s’appuie notamment sur la mise en œuvre d’une sociologie compréhensive. Celle-ci se place dans la perspective du sens et propose d’entrer dans la subjectivité de l’autre. En contexte de violences extrêmes, une telle démarche présente des difficultés accrues que l’article tente d’analyser. Ceci suppose, de la part du chercheur, un travail critique permanent qui ne va pas de soi, dans des situations qui le bousculent dans tous ses repères. Faire de l’autre non plus simplement un « objet » mais un « sujet » de sa recherche, c’est également dépasser les catégories qui pourraient l’enfermer et articuler, en permanence, des histoires individuelles et collectives. Tout cela interroge, bien évidemment, le chercheur sur ses techniques d’enquête mais aussi d’analyse.
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Una ética de la responsabilidad en la práctica. Realizar encuestas en situaciones de extrema violencia.
Methodological and Ethical Problems: A Trans-disciplinary Approach, Béatrice Pouligny, Bernard Doray and Jean-Clément Martin
Abstract. This paper examines the ethical and methodological issues raised by social science research conducted in situations where mass crimes have been committed. Our analysis is based on our respective experiences as researchers and practitioners in different historical and contemporary settings. Our common ethics imply that we share the same respect for human beings, alive and dead, who are the direct subjects of our work. This common ground has allowed us to collaborate across different disciplines (political science, psychiatry, and history). We began our exchange during brainstorming meetings organized at CERI in 2001-2002, attempting to encourage the cross-fertilization of our questioning in an effort to delve more deeply into the complexity of post-mass crime scenarios. In our view, this process has confirmed the fact that ethics and research methods are inseparable. This paper offers some avenues of thought in this direction by first examining the question of situating oneself in relation to “evil.” The second section of our contribution explains the method we use to develop a comprehensive approach to violent situations. The third and final section explores the responsibility of any outsider (particularly a researcher) in the process of writing history and constructing a narrative of massacres.
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Intervenants civils et souffrance psychique, Philippe Lemarchand et Christian Robineau
Abstract. Les auteurs s’intéressent à un sujet encore peu exploré à ce jour : la souffrance psychique à laquelle sont confrontés aux civils qui interviennent en tierces parties dans les conflits armés.
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Ethics of Human Rights Research with Traumatized Populations, Victoria Baxter (forthcoming)
- Bibliographie
Justice
Examining the Implications of Global Justice, Barbara Oomen
Abstract. The globalization of justice is reshaping many conventional ideas regarding the characteristics, legitimacy and perceptions of justice initiatives. By providing an informative description of the new elements present in the context of global justice, this paper aims to build from that base to offer a greater perspective on the implications of this transformation. Traditional theory is incorporated, but emphasis is placed on the consideration of individuals’ and communities’ perceptions of the legitimacy of various types of justice initiatives set up to deal with the perpetrators involved in conflicts in their respective areas. Particular attention is paid to the various factors affecting peoples’ perceptions of these justice initiatives, as well as the numerous corresponding dangers they provoke for the communities.
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The Forgotten Dimensions of ‘Transitional Justice’ Mechanisms: Cultural Meanings and Imperatives for Survivors of Violent Conflicts, Béatrice Pouligny
Abstract. Behind ‘transitional justice’ mechanisms lay a host of unremarked and unanalysed cultural meanings. This essay concentrates on the ones conveyed by the survivors of violence themselves as their interpretations of justice may differ greatly from the one implicitly promoted (albeit with variations and ambiguities) by the ‘international community’. The analysis shows how far theses subjective dimensions impact the way the different actions aimed at addressing past abuses and reforming post-conflict societies are perceived. The various mechanisms known as part of ‘transitional justice’ also proceed from a certain interpretation of reality, and therefore belongs to the vast domain of the practice of producing narratives and creating meaning. In this process, we often tend to forget that several registers of truth coexist but do not necessarily coincide. This is a second dimension in which the highly subjective dimensions of any judicial process remain the most neglected today. This has not only to do with individual and collective memories but also with individual traumas and their collective implications, an aspect very badly considered so far in post-conflict rebuilding strategies. This essay suggests some avenues for research and assistance to better integrate these dimensions, and to better address the imperatives faced by survivors trying to reconcile their past.
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Donor-Driven Justice and its Discontents: The Case of Rwanda, Barbara Oomen
Abstract. Never before was a process of doing justice driven so strongly from the outside as in post-genocide Rwanda. Not only did the 1994 genocide lead to the founding of the International Tribunal, but it also induced intensive donor involvement in domestic attempts to ‘break the cycle of hatred’ — from the work done by the national courts and the Unity Commission to the gacaca. In this sense, Rwanda became the forerunner of a much wider trend, towards a judicialization of international relations, for instance through an emphasis on international criminal law. However, the past decade of donor involvement in Rwanda in general, and the case of the gacaca in particular, show us how this specific — technocratic, de-contextualized — emphasis on justice might seem innocuous at first glance, but carries dangers within it, particularly if it takes place in an increasingly autocratic and oppressive political environment like that of contemporary Rwanda.
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Rwanda’s Gacaca: Objectives, Merits and Their Relation to Supranational Criminal Law, Barbara Oomen
Abstract. This article aims to discuss the way in which the gacaca have managed, and will manage, to deal with the legacy of the Rwandan genocide, and how their work – in terms of aims, substance and procedures – relates to supranational criminal law and its core objectives. In order to come to such an assessment this contribution first briefly discuss the specific circumstances of the Rwandan genocide, the various legal institutions put in place to deal with its legacy and the choice for the gacaca. Next, it concentrates on the sanctions provided for by the gacaca courtsin the light of their aims, to finally draw attention to the drawbacks of the gacaca system, both from a legal point of view as in its practical implementation. It is argued that the gacaca can only be understood and evaluated against the backdrop of the Rwandan political context. And while it is too early to come to a conclusive assessment of the merits of the gacaca system, the article conclude with some tentative thoughts on the advantages and the disadvantages of these courts as compared to other instruments of supranational criminal law.
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Cours, formations et syllabi concernant les questions de justice post-conflit, compilé et édité par Béatrice Pouligny, à partir de documents préparés par International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) et David Backer (Stanford University)
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- Liens et bases de données en ligne sur les questions de trauma et santé mentale
- Bibliographie
Trauma & Santé mentale
Bringing Order Out of Chaos: A Culturally Competent Approach to Managing the Problems of Refugees and Victims of Organized Violence, Maurice Eisenbruch, Joop T. V. M. de Jong and Willem van de Put
Abstract. The collaborative program of the Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO) provides a community-oriented and culturally sensitive public health response to the psychosocial problems of refugees and victims of organized violence. This paper describes the 9-step model that TPO has developed as a blueprint for each new intervention. Beneficiaries participate in determining priorities and there is an orientation toward culturally competent training, capacity-building, and sustainability. Two cases, one related to Sudanese refugees in Uganda and the other to internally displaced persons and returnees in post-war Cambodia, show how the TPO intervention protocol is adapted to local settings. The paper provides preliminary evaluative comments on the model’s performance.
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What does ‘community rehabilitation’ mean? Anthropological suggestions on violence, trauma, adolescents, and ideology of memory, Roberto Beneduce
Abstract. These notes are an attempt to synthesize experience and reflections, which have accrued over different times and places, in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Bosnia, Albania, and Mozambique, between 1994 and 2001. The text includes a critic of the notions of PTSD.
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Techniques pour l’élaboration des deuils collectifs, Jean-Claude Métraux
Abstract. Ce texte propose des procédures facilitant l’élaboration des deuils collectifs. Il s’appuie sur les conclusions de la recherche « Paix et création sociale », menée de 2001 à 2003, qui portait sur la dynamique paradoxale entre deuils individuels et collectifs ». La recherche « Paix et création sociale » a également permis de penser des procédures groupales permettant de faciliter l’élaboration des deuils collectifs de sens. Elles se basent toutes sur le fait que les individus tendent à élaborer plus rapidement leurs deuils de sens que les communautés. A des fins d’illustration, l’auteur choisit un deuil collectif spécifique, le deuil collectif des disparus ou deuil collectif des traces. Cependant, une méthodologie similaire peut être imaginée pour tout type de deuil collectif. A la condition d’un effort de traduction, à chaque point, d’une réalité à l’autre
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Psychotherapist for Refugees or Refugee from Psychotherapy ? Jean-Claude Métraux
Abstract. The author has practiced psychotherapy with numerous refugees and asylum seekers in Switzerland over the past ten years. Between 2001 and 2002 he spent one year away from this practice in order to study collective grief in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Métraux, 2004). His contribution is divided into two distinct sections. In the first he offers a theoretical overview of the topic of grief in its individual and collective dimensions. He emphasizes the central role that grief, both that of the patient and that of the psychotherapist, invariably plays in psychotherapy with refugees. In the second part he shows, via an anthropological and social interpretation of the psychotherapy of one of his refugee patients, that the grief process experienced by the therapist leads to a radical revision of some of the seemingly immutable principles of psychotherapy. Depending on what type of reception this infringement on revered principles receives, and on our profession’s tolerance of inconsistency, the refugee’s psychotherapist may become a refugee from psychotherapy!
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Intervenants civils et souffrance psychique, Philippe Lemarchand et Christian Robineau
Abstract. Les auteurs s’intéressent à un sujet encore peu exploré à ce jour : la souffrance psychique à laquelle sont confrontés aux civils qui interviennent en tierces parties dans les conflits armés.
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- Bibliographie
- Liens et bases de données en ligne sur les questions de trauma et santé mentale
Histoire & Récits
The Rethorics of Evil, Jennifer L. Geddes (à venir, printemps 2006)
History Education and Sociopolitical Reconciliation After Mass Crimes, Elizabeth A. Cole
Abstract. In most societies recovering from mass crimes, questions of how to deal with the past are acute, especially when the past involves memories of death, suffering and destruction so wide-spread that a high percentage of the population is affected. The complex process by which deeply divided societies recover the ability to function normally and effectively after violence is known as reconciliation; new and more refined understandings of this concept have deepened the simplistic definitions and assumptions with which it was once (and is often still) burdened. In this paper the author attempts to give an overview of our current understandings of socio-political reconciliation, with the benefit of about a decade of sustained attention from both academics and practitioners from many disciplines, and suggest where history education seems to fit into the sequencing and major components of reconciliation understood as a long-term, multi-layered and multi-generational process. She then discusses some problems with the linkage of reconciliation and history education, and finally speculate about some specific ways in which history education can contribute to reconciliation, drawing mainly on the findings of a three-year, eleven-case-study research project she has directed at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs.
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Mémoires et violences : Vivre aujourd’hui, imaginer demain, Béatrice Pouligny
Abstract. Si “politique de la mémoire” il doit y avoir, en aucun cas il s’agit d’imposer une mémoire unique mais de permettre la négociation permanente entre différents processus, dans un équilibre précaire entre les “faits” et la manière dont les personnes et les groupes intéressés ont compris et tenté d’expliquer ce qui se passait subjectivement et empiriquement. Ceci suppose notamment qu’un espace soit donné à des voix contradictoires. Comme le suggère l’origine grec du mot (sumballein – le pont), la symbolisation doit permettre que chaque personne, chaque groupe au sein de la société puisse se rapprocher de ce que fut l’expérience des autres et qu’ainsi se construisent progressivement des références partagées sur l’histoire. Deux dynamiques paraissent particulièrement importantes dans ce processus : les relations entre différents régimes de vérité (ou différentes représentations de ce qui s’est passé) ; la dynamique intériorité / extériorité, empathie / distance qui doit se construire à travers le travail de mémoire. L’objectif de cette contribution est d’avancer quelques propositions sur ces deux points.
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Memoria y Olvido, Nicolás Buenaventura Vidal
Abstract. La presente reflexión parte de su experiencia y trabajo como cuentero. Es un intento de observar la memoria y el olvido en mi práctica y formular, al respecto, algunas hipótesis y preguntas. Entre otras, esa: Si la enfermedad del olvido es la amnesia ¿cuál sería la enfermedad de la memoria... La memoria es camino, es el necesario trayecto para el olvido, no es un fin...
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Liens avec des sites internet sur les questions d’histoire
Reconciliation: History and the Politics of Reconciliation Program
The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs support a study area promoting research and dialogue on how societies reckon with difficult pasts and the process involved in reconciliation at a societal or political level.
Work focuses on four main areas:
- Role of historical commissions in reconciliation
- History education
- Survey of the field
- Networking / Resources
http://www.cceia.org/page.php/prmID/68
Coalition internationale des Musées de sites historiques de Conscience
http://www.sitesofconscience.org/fre/index.htm
La Coalition est un réseau de musées de sites historiques situés dans différentes parties du monde, aux stades de développement variés, présentant et interprétant une grande variété de questions ayant trait à l'histoire, aux événements et aux populations. Nous partageons la conviction qu'il revient aux sites historiques d'assister le public en l'aidant à établir des liens entre l'histoire de notre site et ses implications contemporaines. Stimuler le dialogue sur les questions sociales et favoriser les valeurs humanitaires et démocratiques est notre fonction principale.
Association Internationale de Recherches sur les Crimes contre l'Humanité et les Génocides :
http://clevybosio.free.fr/aircrige/index.html
Bibliographie

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